305 posts on compliance & regulation.
AI data governance fails when the classification engine runs on documents and not on prompts. The data lake is sorted, the AI request path is not. Article walks through the prompt-level classification, lineage, and disclosure architecture that satisfies the regulators asking new questions about model inputs.
AI compliance certification has shifted from a nice-to-have to a procurement gate. Customers ask vendors for ISO 42001 or NIST AI RMF alignment, SOC 2 with AI extensions, and per-decision audit evidence. Article walks through what to prepare, in what order, and where each certification meets the runtime evidence requirement.
PCI DSS v4.0 took full effect on March 31, 2025. The standard reaches AI deployments wherever cardholder data passes through an AI prompt, a tool result, or a retrieval corpus the AI system queries. The applicable requirements include the data flow documentation under Requirement 1, the cardholder data discovery and scope reduction under Requirement 3, the access control restrictions under Requirement 7, the logging obligations under Requirement 10, and the security testing obligations under Requirement 11. This piece walks through the requirements that reach AI deployments, where most implementations fail the QSA review, and the inspection-layer architecture that produces the audit evidence and the scope reduction the assessor will accept.
GDPR Article 22 limits decisions based solely on automated processing that produce legal or similarly significant effects on the data subject. AI deployments that produce loan approvals, credit decisions, hiring decisions, fraud-detection outcomes, or insurance underwriting fall inside the scope. The exemption pathways carry their own obligations: explicit consent, contract necessity, or Union or member state authorization. The Article 22(3) right to obtain human intervention and the transparency obligation require records that demonstrate the meaningful intervention happened and that the data subject received meaningful information. This piece walks through the article, the exemption pathways, the meaningful-intervention test, and the inspection-layer architecture that produces the evidence the supervisor will accept.
GDPR applies to AI deployments wherever the AI system processes personal data of EU residents. The applicable articles overlap with the EU AI Act but predate it and reach a broader surface. Article 5 imposes the lawfulness, purpose limitation, and data minimization principles. Article 22 limits automated individual decision-making. Article 32 imposes the security of processing obligation that the audit log is evidence against. This piece walks through the GDPR articles that reach production AI deployments, the specific obligations each creates, where most AI implementations fail the test, and the inspection-layer architecture that produces the evidence the data protection authority will accept.